Many people are unnecessarily concerned about natural phytoestrogens in soy. What exactly are phytoestrogens, and what are their effects on the body?
In some parts of the world, soy foods have been eaten as part of a regular diet for, literally, thousands of years. And for good reason. Soybeans – and foods made from them – offer up a pretty impressive nutritional profile. For one thing, soy is a complete plant protein – it contains all of the essential amino acid “building blocks” that are used to manufacture all kinds of specialized protein structures that your body needs. Soy is also low in saturated fat and naturally cholesterol-free (plants can’t manufacture cholesterol – only animals do). And, adding soy foods to your diet could boost your intake of vitamins, like folate and vitamin K, and minerals, like calcium, magnesium and iron; not to mention your intake of fiber if you were to eat whole soybeans. And yet, I run into people all the time who unnecessarily avoid soy, because they believe it “contains estrogen”. It’s such a common misconception that I decided to devote and entire post to this issue, in hopes of clearing it up.
Phytoestrogens are Not the Same as Body Estrogen
The misunderstanding seems to stem from the fact that soy (and plenty of other foods, by the way), contains natural plant compounds, called isoflavones, that are classified as “phytoestrogens” (“phyto” means “plant”). So, when people hear that soy foods contain “phytoestrogens” they may turn their backs on soy foods in fear that they will expose the body to “too much estrogen”.
So let me state this as clearly as I can: Isoflavones are referred to as phytoestrogens because they have a chemical structure that’s similar – but not identical – to the hormone, estrogen, that is made by the body. The key point is this – phytoestrogens in soy are not the same as estrogen made by the body and do not exert the same effects on the body.
How Phytoestrogens Work in the Body
I’d like to explain to you how this works, because it may help you understand why these natural compounds in soy have been so misunderstood.
Some tissues of the body – brain, bone, heart, breast and prostate, for instance – have structures within their cells called estrogen receptors. These receptors sit inactive inside the cell until estrogen enters the cell. Once estrogen gets inside and binds to the receptor, the estrogen can then exert its effects inside the cell.
Here’s where things get a bit more complicated – but stay with me. There are actually two different types of estrogen receptors, and the body’s natural estrogen isn’t particularly picky about which one it will bind to – it will happily bind to both types of receptors.
On the other hand, phytoestrogens – like the isoflavones in soy – prefer to connect withonly one type of receptor. And this is what makes phytoestrogens so distinctly different from the body’s own estrogen.
Since phytoestrogens prefer to bind with one type of receptor over another, it means two things. First, it means that at those receptors where phytoestogens don’t care to bind, natural estrogen can attach and exert its effects within the cell. But, when phytoestrogens bind to their preferred type of receptor, they sort of “get in the way” – which makes it more difficult for the body’s natural estrogen to bind.
And herein lies the unique effects of phytoestrogens: They can act like estrogen in some tissues, while in others they can interfere with the action of the body’s natural estrogen. So, these plant compounds may mimic the effects of estrogen in tissues where it may be beneficial – and at the same time, they may interfere with the action of estrogen in other tissues where reduced exposure to estrogen might be considered protective.
The bottom line is this. The effects of isoflavones in the human body have been studied extensively, and as a review article noted, “there has been no indication of risk to human health because of consuming soy or soy isoflavones as a regular part of the diet…on the contrary, studies over the last decades have suggested protective effects of these compounds.”1
Soy Isn’t the Only Source of Phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens are part of a plant’s natural defense system – working primarily to protect the plant from damaging fungus – which is why they are actually somewhat widespread in foods. Although soybeans are probably the richest source, lots of foods contain phytoestrogens. They’re found in all kinds of beans (other than soy), nuts, whole grains, seeds (like flax and sesame), and there are even small amounts in certain fruits and vegetables, including apples, carrots and yams.
1Munro et al., Soy Isoflavones: A Safety Review. Nutr. Rev. 61:2003, 1-33.
Written by Susan Bowerman, MS, RD, CSSD. Susan is a paid consultant for Herbalife.
